docs.sheetjs.com/docz/docs/03-demos/42-engines/14-pandas.md

---
title: Spreadsheet Data in Pandas
sidebar_label: Python (Pandas)
description: Process structured data in Python with Pandas. Seamlessly integrate spreadsheets into your workflow with SheetJS. Analyze complex Excel spreadsheets with confidence.
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---

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Pandas[^1] is a Python software library for data analysis.

[SheetJS](https://sheetjs.com) is a JavaScript library for reading and writing
data from spreadsheets.

This demo uses SheetJS to process data from a spreadsheet and translate to the
Pandas DataFrame format. We'll explore how to load SheetJS from Python scripts,
generate DataFrames from workbooks, and write DataFrames back to workbooks.

:::note

This demo was tested in the following deployments:

| Architecture | V8 version    | Pandas | Python | Date       |
|:-------------|:--------------|:-------|:-------|:-----------|
| `darwin-x64` | `11.5.150.16` | 2.0.3  | 3.11.4 | 2023-07-29 |

:::

:::info pass

Pandas includes limited support for reading spreadsheets (`pandas.from_excel`)
and writing XLSX spreadsheets (`pandas.DataFrame.to_excel`).

The SheetJS approach supports many common spreadsheet formats that are not
supported by the current set of Pandas codecs and offers greater flexibility in
processing complex worksheets.

:::

## Integration Details

JS code cannot literally be run in the Python interpreter. To run JS code from
Python, JavaScript engines[^2] can be embedded in CPython modules.

### Loading SheetJS

This demo uses the `STPyV8` module[^3] to access the V8 JavaScript engine.

_Initialize V8_

The engine library provides a convenient context manager `JSContext` for context
resource management.  Within the context, the `eval` method can evaluate code:

```py
from STPyV8 import JSContext

# Initialize JS context
with JSContext() as ctxt:
  # Run code
  res = ctxt.eval("'Sheet' + 'JS'")

  # print result
  print(res)
```

`STPyV8` handles data interchange for common types. Arrays and JS objects can be
translated to Python `list` and `dict` respectively. The following `convert`
function is used in the test suite[^4]

```py
# from `tests/test_Wrapper.py` in the STPyV8 library
# License: Apache 2.0
def convert(obj):
  if isinstance(obj, JSArray):
    return [convert(v) for v in obj]
  if isinstance(obj, JSObject):
    return dict([[str(k), convert(obj.__getattr__(str(k)))] for k in obj.__dir__()])
  return obj
```

_Loading the Library_

The [Standalone scripts](/docs/getting-started/installation/standalone) can be
parsed and evaluated from the JS engine. Once evaluated, the `XLSX` variable is
available as a global.

Assuming the standalone library is in the same directory as the source file,
the script can be evaluated with `eval`:

```py
  # Within a JSContext, open `xlsx.full.min.js` and evaluate
  with open("xlsx.full.min.js") as f:
    ctxt.eval(f.read())
```

### Reading Files

The following diagram depicts the spreadsheet salsa:

```mermaid
flowchart LR
  file[(workbook\nfile)]
  subgraph SheetJS operations
    base64(Base64\nstring)
    wb((SheetJS\nWorkbook))
    aoo(array of\nobjects)
  end
  subgraph Pandas operations
    lod(list of\nrecords)
    df[(Pandas\nDataFrame)]
  end
  file --> |`open`/`read`\nPython ops| base64
  base64 --> |`XLSX.read`\nParse Bytes| wb
  wb --> |`sheet_to_json`\nExtract Data| aoo
  aoo --> |`convert`\nPython ops|lod
  lod --> |`from_records`\nPandas ops| df
```

At a high level:

1) Pure Python operations read the file and generate a Base64 string

2) SheetJS libraries parse the string and generates JS records

3) JS engine operations translate the rows to Python `list` of `dicts`

4) Pandas operations translate the Python data to a DataFrame

#### Read files

The safest format for data interchange is Base64-encoded strings:

```py
from base64 import b64encode

with open(path, mode="rb") as f:
  file_bytes = f.read()
  b64 = b64encode(file_bytes)
```

#### Parse bytes

From JS code, `XLSX.read`[^5] parses the Base64 string

```py
wb = ctxt.eval("(b64 => XLSX.read(b64, {type: 'base64', dense: true}))")(b64)
```

The `wb` object follows the "Common Spreadsheet Format"[^6], an in-memory format
for representing workbooks, worksheets, cells, and spreadsheet features.

#### Get First Worksheet

As explained in the "Workbook Object"[^7] section:
- the `SheetNames` property is a ordered list of the sheet names in the workbook
- the `Sheets` property of the workbook object is an object whose keys are sheet
  names and whose values are sheet objects.

For use in Python, the `SheetNames` array must be converted to a `list`:

```py
sheet_names = convert(wb.SheetNames)
first_sheet_name = sheet_names[0]
```

Since utility functions will process the worksheet object from JavaScript, it is
preferable not to convert the object:

```py
first_sheet = wb.Sheets[first_sheet_name] # do not convert
```

#### Generate List of Records

In JavaScript, the equivalent of the "`list` of `dict`s" or "`list` of records"
is "array of objects". They can be created with `XLSX.utils.sheet_to_json`[^8]:

```py
rows = convert(ctxt.eval("(ws => XLSX.utils.sheet_to_json(ws))")(first_sheet))
```

#### Generate Pandas DataFrame

`rows` is a `list` of `dict` objects. `from_records`[^9] understands this data
shape and generates a proper DataFrame:

```py
df = pd.DataFrame.from_records(rows)
```

### Writing Files

The writing process looks similar to the reading process in reverse:

```mermaid
flowchart LR
  subgraph Pandas operations
    df[(Pandas\nDataFrame)]
    json(JSON\nString)
  end
  subgraph SheetJS operations
    aoo(array of\nobjects)
    wb((SheetJS\nWorkbook))
    base64(Base64\nstring)
  end
  file[(workbook\nfile)]
  df --> |`to_json`\nPandas ops| json
  json --> |`JSON.parse`\nJS Engine| aoo
  aoo --> |`json_to_sheet`\nSheetJS Ops| wb
  wb --> |`XLSX.write`\nBase64| base64
  base64 --> |`open`/`write`\nPython ops| file
```

At a high level:

1) Pandas operations translate the Python data to JSON string

2) JS engine operations translate the JSON string to an array of objects

3) SheetJS libraries parse the array and generate a Base64-encoded workbook

4) Pure Python operations decode the Base64 string and write the bytes to file.

#### Generate JSON

`DataFrame#to_json`[^10] with the option `orient="records"` generates a JSON
string that encodes an array of objects:

```py
json = df.to_json(orient="records")
```

#### Generate Worksheet

In JavaScript, `JSON.parse` will interpret the string as an array of objects.
`XLSX.utils.json_to_sheet`[^11] generates a SheetJS worksheet object:

```py
sheet = ctxt.eval("(json => XLSX.utils.json_to_sheet(JSON.parse(json)) )")(json)
```

#### Export Enhancements

At this point, there are many options for improving the appearance of the sheet.
For example, the "Export Tutorial"[^12] shows how to adjust column widths.

:::tip pass

[SheetJS Pro](https://sheetjs.com/pro) offers additional styling options such as
cell styling and frozen rows.

"Pro Edit" offers a special approach for inserting data into an existing file.

:::

#### Generate Workbook

`XLSX.utils.book_new`[^13] creates a new workbook and `XLSX.utils.book_append_sheet`[^14]
appends a worksheet to the workbook. The new worksheet will be called "Export":

:::note pass

The code in the string literal is reproduced below:

```js
(ws, name) => {
  const wb = XLSX.utils.book_new();
  XLSX.utils.book_append_sheet(wb, ws, name);
  return wb;
}
```

:::

```py
book = ctxt.eval("""((ws, name) => {
  const wb = XLSX.utils.book_new();
  XLSX.utils.book_append_sheet(wb, ws, name);
  return wb;
})""")(sheet, "Export")
```

#### Generate File

`XLSX.write`[^15] with the option `type: "base64"` attempts to create a file and
generate a Base64 string:

```py
b64 = ctxt.eval("(wb => XLSX.write(wb, {type:'base64', bookType:'xls'}))")(book)
```

With the Base64 string, standard Python operations can create a file:

```py
from base64 import b64decode

raw = b64decode(b64)
with open("export.xls", mode="wb") as f:
  f.write(raw)
```

## Complete Demo

This example will extract data from an Apple Numbers spreadsheet and generate a
DataFrame. The DataFrame will be exported to a legacy XLS spreadsheet.

### Engine Setup

0) Follow the official installation instructions[^16].

<details><summary><b>Instructions for macOS 12</b> (click to show)</summary>

- Install `boost-python3` package using `brew`:

```bash
brew install boost-python3
```

- Identify python version:

```bash
python3 --version
```

:::note pass

When the demo was last tested, the version was `3.11.4`

:::

- [Download latest release](https://github.com/cloudflare/stpyv8/releases)

```bash
curl -LO https://github.com/cloudflare/stpyv8/releases/download/v11.5.150.16/stpyv8-macos-12-python-3.11.zip
```

- Extract ZIP file and enter folder

```bash
unzip stpyv8-macos-12-python-3.11.zip
cd stpyv8-macos-12-3.11
```

- Move `icudtl.dat` to `/Library/Application Support/STPyV8/`:

```bash
sudo mkdir -p /Library/Application\ Support/STPyV8
sudo mv icudtl.dat /Library/Application\ Support/STPyV8/
```

- Install wheel:

```bash
sudo python3 -m pip install --upgrade *.whl
cd ..
```

</details>

### Demo

1) Follow the [standalone script](/docs/getting-started/installation/standalone)
   instructions to download the script:

<CodeBlock language="bash">{`\
curl -LO https://cdn.sheetjs.com/xlsx-${current}/package/dist/xlsx.full.min.js`}
</CodeBlock>

2) Install Pandas. On macOS:

```python
sudo python3 -m pip install pandas
```

3) Download the following test scripts and files:

- [`pres.numbers` test file](https://sheetjs.com/pres.numbers)
- [`sheetjs.py` wrapper](pathname:///pandas/sheetjs.py)
- [`SheetJSPandas.py` script](pathname:///pandas/SheetJSPandas.py)

```bash
curl -LO https://sheetjs.com/pres.numbers
curl -LO https://docs.sheetjs.com/pandas/sheetjs.py
curl -LO https://docs.sheetjs.com/pandas/SheetJSPandas.py
```

4) Run the script:

```bash
python3 SheetJSPandas.py pres.numbers
```

If successful, it will display data rows in the file:

```
Reading from sheet Sheet1
{'Name': 'Bill Clinton', 'Index': 42}
{'Name': 'GeorgeW Bush', 'Index': 43}
{'Name': 'Barack Obama', 'Index': 44}
{'Name': 'Donald Trump', 'Index': 45}
{'Name': 'Joseph Biden', 'Index': 46}
```

If Pandas is installed, the script will display DataFrame metadata:

```
RangeIndex: 5 entries, 0 to 4
Data columns (total 2 columns):
 #   Column  Non-Null Count  Dtype 
---  ------  --------------  ----- 
 0   Name    5 non-null      object
 1   Index   5 non-null      int64 
dtypes: int64(1), object(1)
```

It will also export to `pres.xls`. The file can be read in a spreadsheet editor.

[^1]: The official documentation site is <https://pandas.pydata.org/> and the official distribution point is <https://pypi.org/project/pandas/>
[^2]: See ["Other Languages"](/docs/demos/engines/) for more examples.
[^3]: [`STPyV8`](https://github.com/cloudflare/stpyv8) is a fork of the original [`PyV8` project](https://pypi.org/project/PyV8/). It is available under the permissive Apache 2.0 License. Special thanks to Flier Lu and CloudFlare!
[^4]: See [`tests/test_Wrapper.py`](https://github.com/cloudflare/stpyv8/blob/410b31abe7a103b408d362cb872ce81604281c48/tests/test_Wrapper.py#L15) in the `STPyV8` code repository.
[^5]: See [`read` in "Reading Files"](/docs/api/parse-options)
[^6]: See ["SheetJS Data Model"](/docs/csf/)
[^7]: See ["Workbook Object"](/docs/csf/book)
[^8]: See [`sheet_to_json` in "Utilities"](/docs/api/utilities/array#array-output)
[^9]: See [`pandas.DataFrame.from_records`](https://pandas.pydata.org/docs/reference/api/pandas.DataFrame.from_records.html) in the Pandas documentation.
[^10]: See [`pandas.DataFrame.to_json`](https://pandas.pydata.org/docs/reference/api/pandas.DataFrame.to_json.html) in the Pandas documentation.
[^11]: See [`json_to_sheet` in "Utilities"](/docs/api/utilities/array#array-of-objects-input)
[^12]: See ["Clean up Workbook"](/docs/getting-started/examples/export#clean-up-workbook) in "Export Tutorial".
[^13]: See [`book_new` in "Utilities"](/docs/api/utilities/wb)
[^14]: See [`book_append_sheet` in "Utilities"](/docs/api/utilities/wb)
[^15]: See [`write` in "Writing Files"](/docs/api/write-options)
[^16]: See ["Installing"](https://github.com/cloudflare/stpyv8#installing) in the `STPyV8` project documentation